Electrophoresis is a technique which separates charged biomolecules based on the rate at which they migrate in an applied electrical field. In many cases, electrophoreses of proteins are performed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).¹⁾ For molecular weight estimation and purity determination of proteins, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE is frequently employed. SDS is a strong denaturant of proteins and is added to samples, gels, and buffer solutions for electrodes when proteins are separated with electrophoresis. As SDS not only denatures protein but also binds to the protein, when SDS is used in conjunction with a reducing reagent such as 2-mercaptoethanol to cleave disulfide bonds in the protein, and the protein is completely denatured, the amount of SDS bound is almost always proportional to the molecular weight of the protein. Resultantly, the protein is negatively charged. Therefore, the denatured protein can be separated by molecular weight independently of its structure and biological properties.
Laemmli’s method is the most widely used system of SDS-PAGE.²⁾ In this method, the separation and the stacking gel contain Tris-HCl and the upper and lower buffer reservoirs contain Tris-glycine. All components of the system contain SDS. The advantage of Laemmli’s method is that it gives sharper bands in the final plate.¹⁾

[Example of electrophoresis]
Concentration of gel for separation: 7.5%
Staining: Ag-staining
Sample proteins: commercially available molecular weight marker

Lane 1： 250 ng
Lane 2： 62.5 ng
Lane 3： 16 ng
Lane 4： 4 ng
Lane 5： 0 ng

■Typical Procedure
CBB R-250 staining of separated proteins on SDS-PAGE
Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (CBB R-250) is frequently used for protein staining after PAGE.

Solutions
CBB R-250 staining solution: 0.25% CBB R-250, 50% methanol, 10% acetic acid
Destaining solution: 50% methanol, 10% acetic acid

Procedure
1. Soak gel after electrophoresis in CBB R-250 staining solution with gentle agitation for 1 h.
2. Transfer the gel after step 1 into the destaining solution and gently agitate for 10 min.
3. Destain the gel until it gives an appropriate stained image by changing the destaining solution several times.
4. After destaining, transfer the gel into pure water and gently agitate for 1 h.

■Typical Procedure
Fast Green FCF staining of separated proteins on SDS-PAGE³⁾
Fast Green FCF is used for staining and determination of protein after PAGE, SDS-PAGE etc. Stained protein is detected by absorbance at 625nm and quantified.

Solutions
Fast Green FCF staining solution: 0.1% Fast Green FCF, 30% ethanol, 10% acetic acid
Destaining solution: 30% ethanol, 10% acetic acid

Procedure
1. Soak gel after electrophoresis in Fast Green FCF staining solution with gentle agitation for 1 h.
2. Transfer the gel after step 1 into the destaining solution and gently agitate for 10 min.
3. Destain the gel until it gives an appropriate staining image by changing the destaining solution several times at 10-minute intervals.
4. After destaining, transfer the gel into pure water and gently agitate for 1 h.

[Example of staining]
Concentration of gel for separation: 10%
Staining: Ag-staining
Sample proteins: commercially available molecular weight markers

Lane 1 : 4 μg
Lane 2 : 0.8 μg
Lane 3 : 0.16 μg
Lane 4 : 0 ng

■Typical Procedure
Reversible protein staining with Acid Red 112 (Ponceau-S)⁴⁾
Acid Red 112 gives a pinkish staining image. Because the staining with the dye is reversible and the dye can be removed from stained protein, immunoassay and other analyses can be carried out after destaining.

Solution
Acid Red 112 staining solution: 0.1% Acid Red 112, 5% acetic acid

Procedure
1. Soak the protein-blotted membrane into Acid Red 112 staining solution and gently agitate for 2 min.
2. Transfer the membrane into pure water and destain until it gives an appropriate staining image.
3. When required to completely remove the dye from the stained protein, gently agitate the membrane in 0.1mol/L NaOH.

[Example of staining]
Bovine serum albumin, with the amount shown in the figure, is spotted on a nitrocellulose membrane and stained with Acid Red 112.

Reagents for gel preparation, buffer preparation, etc.

Reagents for protein staining and others

Reagents for gel preparation, buffer preparation, etc.

Reagents used for Laemmli’s method are listed.

A1132	A2098	B3195
D3647	G0316	G0317
M1948	M0506	S0588
T2515	T2516

Reagents for protein staining and others

After PAGE, the separated proteins are visualized with staining. Additionally, the separated proteins can be transferred to a PVDF membrane, etc. to be detected immunologically. Reagents for protein staining and others are listed.

A2097	A2256	A2255
B3193	B3194	F0718